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false4DOIDB.PIK 10.5880/pik.2023.006 Verpoort, Philipp C. Philipp C. Verpoort 0000-0003-1319-5006 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany Ueckerdt, Falko Falko Ueckerdt 0000-0001-5585-030X Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany Anantharaman, Rahul Rahul Anantharaman 0000-0001-9228-6197 SINTEF Energy Research, Gas Technology Department, Trondheim, Norway Bauer, Christian Christian Bauer 0000-0002-1083-9200 Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland Beck, Fiona Fiona Beck 0000-0001-9631-938X School of Engineering, Australian National University, Acton ACT, Canberra, Australia Longden, Thomas Thomas Longden 0000-0001-7593-659X Urban Transformations Research Centre (UTRC), Western Sydney University, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia Institute for Climate, Energy and Disaster Solutions (ICEDS), Australian National University, Acton ACT, Australia Roussanaly, Simon Simon Roussanaly 0000-0002-4757-2829 SINTEF Energy Research, Gas Technology Department, Trondheim, Sør-Trondelag, Norway GFZ Data Services 2023 hydrogen blue hydrogen green hydrogen electrolysis SMR ATR techno-economic analysis techno-economic assessment cost competitiveness carbon price fuel-switching carbon price CO2 price fuel-switching CO2 price bridge technology natural gas CCS carbon capture and sequestration methane leakage EARTH SCIENCE > HUMAN DIMENSIONS > ECONOMIC RESOURCES > ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE > HYDROGEN PRODUCTION/USE EARTH SCIENCE > HUMAN DIMENSIONS > ECONOMIC RESOURCES > ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE > NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION/USE economy > energy economics energy > energy process > energy conversion energy > energy source > non-polluting energy source energy > energy source > renewable energy source energy > energy type > conventional energy > electric power environmental assessment > technology assessment environmental data > economic data environmental economy issue > environmental tax > carbon dioxide tax finances > cost > environmental cost > pollution cost physicochemical process > electrolysis science > materials science > economics > environmental economics technology > energy technology technology > environmental technology technology > environmental technology > clean technology technology > environmental technology > environmental protection technology Verpoort, Philipp C. Philipp C. Verpoort 0000-0003-1319-5006 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany Ueckerdt, Falko Falko Ueckerdt 0000-0001-5585-030X Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany Anantharaman, Rahul Rahul Anantharaman 0000-0001-9228-6197 SINTEF Energy Research, Gas Technology Department, Trondheim, Norway Bauer, Christian Christian Bauer 0000-0002-1083-9200 Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen PSI, Switzerland Beck, Fiona Fiona Beck 0000-0001-9631-938X School of Engineering, Australian National University, Acton ACT, Canberra, Australia Longden, Thomas Thomas Longden 0000-0001-7593-659X Urban Transformations Research Centre (UTRC), Western Sydney University, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia Institute for Climate, Energy and Disaster Solutions (ICEDS), Australian National University, Acton ACT, Australia Roussanaly, Simon Simon Roussanaly 0000-0002-4757-2829 SINTEF Energy Research, Gas Technology Department, Trondheim, Sør-Trondelag, Norway Verpoort, Philipp C. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany InteractiveResource DOI of paper when available 10.5880/pik.2023.007 https://aemo.com.au/energy-systems/major-publications/integrated-system-plan-isp/2022-integrated-system-plan-isp 10.1126/science.aar7204 10.1039/D1SE01508G 10.1016/j.esr.2018.08.003 10.1088/1748-9326/abef33 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352632568 https://www.equinor.com/content/dam/statoil/documents/sustainability-reports/greenhouse-gas-and-methane-intensities-along-equinors-norwegian-gas-value-chain-2021.pdf 10.5194/acp-22-4303-2022 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113072 10.1002/ese3.956 https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2022 https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/hydrogen-projects-database https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2021 https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023 https://ieaghg.org/exco_docs/2017-02.pdf https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 10.1787/1e0514c4-en https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Dec/IRENA_Green_hydrogen_cost_2020.pdf https://www.jodidata.org/_resources/files/downloads/gas-data/GAS_world_NewFormat.zip 10.1126/science.abj4351 10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.014 https://esu-services.ch/fileadmin/download/publicLCI/meili-2021-LCI%20for%20the%20oil%20and%20gas%20extraction.pdf 10.1002/ese3.1232 10.1016/B978-0-12-811197-0.00003-8 10.1038/s41467-021-25017-4 10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103367 https://www.acatech.de/publikation/wasserstoff/ https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-08/8.18%20InflationReductionAct_Factsheet_Final.pdf 10.5281/zenodo.7457441 3.0.0 CC BY 4.0 This interactive webapp can be used to reproduce figures from an accompanying article by the same authors that studies the cost competitiveness of blue and green hydrogen. Some of the key assumptions (e.g. methane leakage, electricity prices, electrolyser CAPEX, gas prices) can be changed here when generating the figures.

We employ techno-economic and life-cycle assessments to compute the levelised costs and greenhouse-gas intensities of competing production technologies for blue (from natural gas with CCS) and green (from renewable electricity via electrolysis) hydrogen. This allows us to determine fuel-switching CO2 prices (FSCPs), defined by the carbon price at which fuels with lower emissions become cost competitive with fuels with higher emissions.

Using these metrics, the presented figures compare the cost, greenhouse-gas intensities, and resulting FSCPs of competing fuels and technologies over the studied time range (2025 to 2050). These figures allow us to study whether and when green hydrogen becomes cost competitive with blue hydrogen. Our results demonstrate that the long-term competitiveness of blue hydrogen and its viability as a bridging option crucially depend on natural-gas prices and on residual emissions (non-captured CO2, upstream supply-chain CH4 and CO2).

For more advanced changes and detailed information on the input data and methodology, we encourage users to inspect the article, its supplement, and the source code written in Python.
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347 FKZ03SFK5A Kopernikus-Ariadne Projekt